Thompson 2006

Louis XIIIWith Louis XIII final purchase of lands from Jean-Franois de Gondi in 1632 and his assumption of the seigneurial role of Versailles in the 1630s, formal gardens were laid out west of the chteau. Records indicate that late in the decade Claude Mollet and Hilaire Masson designed the gardens, which remained relatively unchanged until the expansion ordered under Louis XIV in the 1660s. This early layout, which has survived in the so-called Du Bus plan of c.1662, shows an established topography along which lines of the gardens evolved. This is evidenced in the clear definition of the main east-west and north-south axes that anchors the gardens layout,Louis XIVIn 1661, after the disgrace of the finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet, who embezzled crown funds in order to build his luxurious chteau at Vaux-le-Vicomte, Louis XIV turned his attention to Versailles. Related Coverage Biltmore Estate – China Portable Roughness Tester – Electric Circuit Tester Manufacturer History In the 1880s, at the height of the Gilded Age, George Washington Vanderbilt, youngest son of William Henry Vanderbilt, began to make regular visits with his mother, Maria Louisa Kissam Vanderb… Honorable Service Lapel Button – Air Permeability Tester Manufacturer – Portable Roughness Tester “Ruptured duck” redirects here. For the bomber used in the Doolittle raid, see The Ruptured Duck (B-25). Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be chall… Cades Cove – China Air Permeability Tester – Auto Electrical Tester Geology Cades Cove, viewed from the summit of Gregory Bald Geologically, Cades Cove is a type of valley known as a “limestone window,” created by erosion that removed the older Precambrian sandstone, … Thincan – Microhardness Tester Manufacturer – China Metal Hardness Testers Software One original aspect of the ThinCan is that it natively boots using LinuxBIOS (now Coreboot). It started as Geode GX support developed by AMD for the OLPC, to which Artec Group added Geode LX …With the aid of Fouquet architect Louis Le Vau painter Charles Le Brun and landscape architect Andr Le Ntre, Louis began an embellishment and expansion program at Versailles that would occupy his time and worries for the remainder of his reign.From this point forward, the expansion of the gardens of Versailles followed the expansions of the chteau. Accordingly, Louis XIV’s building campaigns apply to the gardens as well. At every stage the prescribed tour was carefully managed, under the Sun King’s directions.First building campaignIn 1662, minor modifications to the chteau were undertaken; however, greater attention was given to developing the gardens. Existing bosquets and parterres were expanded and new ones created. Most significant among the creations at this time were the Orangerie and the Grotte de Thtys (Nolhac 1901 eluxury bags, 1925).The Orangerie, which was designed by Louis Le Vau, was located south of the chteau, a situation that took advantage of the natural slope of the hill. It provided a protected area in which orange trees were kept during the winter months (Nolhac 1899, 1902).The Grotte de Thtys, which was located to the north of the chteau, formed part of the iconography of the chteau and of the gardens that aligned Louis XIV with solar imagery. The grotto would be completed during the second building campaign (Verlet 1985).By 1664, the gardens had evolved to the point that Louis XIV inaugurated the gardens with the fte galante called “Les Plaisirs de le Enchante”. The event, which officially was to celebrate his mother, Anne dutriche, and his consort Marie-Thrse but in reality celebrated Louise de La Vallire, Louis mistress, was held in May of that year. Guests were regaled with fabulous entertainments in the gardens over a period of one week. As a result of this fte particularly the lack of housing for guests (most of them had to sleep in their carriages), Louis realized the shortcomings of Versailles and began to expand the chteau and the gardens once again (Verlet, 1961, 1985).Second building campaignBetween 1664 and 1668, a flurry of activity was evidenced in the gardens especially with regard to fountains and new bosquets; it was during this time that the imagery of the gardens consciously exploited Apollo and solar imagery as metaphors for Louis XIV. Le Vau enveloppe of the Louis XIII chteau provided a means by which, though the decoration of the garden faade, imagery in the decors of the grands appartements of the king and queen formed a symbiosis with the imagery of the gardens (Lighthart, 1997; Mle, 1927).With this new phase of construction, the gardens assumed the topographical and iconological design vocabulary that would remain in force until the 18th century. As Andr Flibien noted in his description of Versailles, solar and apollonian themes predominated with projects constructed at this time: ince the sun was the emblem of Louis XIV, and that poets join the sun and Apollo, there is nothing in this superb house that does not relation to this divinity.7] (Flibien, 1674).Three additions formed the topological and symbolic nexus of the gardens during this phase of construction: the completion of the Grotte de Thtys, the Bassin de Latone, and the Bassin dpollon.Grotte de ThtysStarted in 1664 and finished in 1670 with the installation of the statuary by the Gilles Gurin, Franois Girardon, Thomas Regnaudin, Gaspard Marsy, and Balthazar Marsy, the grotto formed an important symbolic and technical component to the gardens. Symbolically, the Grotte de Thtys related to the myth of Apollo and by that association to Louis XIV. It was as the cave of the sea nymph, Thetis, where Apollo rested after driving his chariot to light the sky. The grotto was a freestanding structure located just north of the chteau. The interior, which was decorated with shell-work to represent a sea cave, contained the statue group by the Marsy brothers depicting the sun god attended by nereids (central grouping) and his horses being groomed by attendants of Thetis (the two accompanying statue groups). Originally, these statues were set in three individual niches in the grotto and were surrounded by various fountains and water features (Marie 1968; Nolhac 1901, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).Technically, the Grotte de Thtys played a critical role in the hydraulic system that supplied water to the garden. The roof of the grotto supported a reservoir that stored water pumped from the Clagny pond and which fed the fountains lower in the garden via gravity.Grotte de Thtysiew of the exterior of the Grotte de Thtys by Jean Le Pautre, 1672pollo horses groomed by two Tritons by Gilles Gurin, ca. 1670pollo attended by nymphs by Franois Girardon and Thomas Regnaudin, ca. 1670pollo horses groomed by two Tritons by Gaspard Marsy and Balthazar Marsy, ca. 1670nterior view of the Grotte de Thtys by Jean Le Pautre, 1676Bassin de LatoneLocated on the east-west axis just west and below the Parterre dau, is the Bassin de Latone. Designed by Andr Le Ntre, sculpted by Gaspard and Balthazar Marsy, and constructed between 1668-1670, the fountain depicted an episode from Ovid Metamorphoses. Latona and her children, Apollo and Diana, being tormented with mud slung by Lycian peasants, who refused to let her and her children drink from their pond, appealed to Zeus who responded by turning the Lycians into frogs. This episode from mythology was chosen as an allegory to the revolts of the Fronde, which occurred during the minority of Louis XIV. The link between Ovid story and this episode from French history is emphasized by the reference to ud slinging in a political context. The revolts of the Fronde the word fronde also means slingshot have been regarded as the origin of the use of the term ud slinging in a political context (Berger, 1992; Marie, 1968, 1972, 1976; Nolhac, 1901; Thompson, 2006; Verlet, 1961, 1985; Weber, 1981).iew of the Bassin de Laoton, 1678 engraving by Jean Le Pautre, 1678iew of the Bassin dpollon engraving by Louis de Chastillon, 1683Bassin dpollonFurther along the east-west axis is the Bassin dpollon the Apollo Fountain. Occupying the site of Rondeau/Bassin des Cygnes of Louis XIII, the Apollo Fountain, which was constructed between 1668 and 1671, depicts the sun god driving his chariot to light the sky. The fountain forms a focal point in the garden and serves as a transitional element between the gardens of the Petit Parc and the Grand Canal (Marie 1968; Nolhac 1901, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).Grand CanalWith a length of 1,500 meters and a width of 62 meters, the Grand Canal, which was built between 1668 and 1671, physically and visually prolongs the east-west axis to the walls of the Grand Parc. During the Ancien Rgime, the Grand Canal served as a venue for boating parties. In 1674, as a result of a series of diplomatic arrangements that benefited Louis XIV eluxury brands, the king ordered the construction of Petite Venise Little Venice. Located at the junction of the Grand Canal and the junction of the northern transversal branch, Little Venice housed the caravels and yachts that were received from The Netherlands and the gondolas and gondoliers received as gifts from the Doge of Venice, hence the name (Marie 1968; Nolhac 1901, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).Above and beyond the decorative and festive aspects of this garden feature, the Grand Canal also served a practical role. Situated at a low point in the gardens, it collected water it drained from the fountains in the garden above. Water from the Grand Canal was pumped back to the reservoir on the roof of the Grotte de Thtys via a network of windmill-powered and horse-powered pumps (Thompson 2006).iew of the Grand Canal engraving by Nicolas Perelle, 1680iew of the chteau of Versailles seen from the garden with the Parterre dau Andr Le Ntre, Charles Le Brun, and Louis Le Vau, ca. 1674Parterre dauSituated above the Latona Fountain is the terrace of the chteau, known as the Parterre dau. Forming a transitional element from the chteau to the gardens below and placed on the north-south axis of the gardens, the Parterre dau provided a venue in which the imagery and symbolism of the decors of the grands appartements synthesized with the iconography of the gardens. In 1664, Louis XIV commissioned a series of statues intended to decorate the water feature of the Parterre dau. The Grande Commande, as the commission is known, comprised twenty-four statues of the classic quaternities and four additional statues depicting abductions from the classic past (Berger I, 1985; Friedman, 1988,1993; Hedin, 1981-1982; Marie, 1968; Nolhac, 1901; Thompson, 2006; Verlet, 1961, 1985; Weber, 1981).Evolution of the BosquetsOne of the distinguishing features of the gardens during the second building campaign was the proliferation of bosquets. Expanding the layout established during the first building campaign, Le Ntre added or expanded on no fewer that ten bosquets: The Bosquet du Marais in 1670; the Bosquet du Thtre dau, le du Roi and Miroir dau, the Salle des Festins (Salle du Conseil), the Bosquet des Trois Fontaines in 1671; the Labyrinthe and the Bosquet de lrc de Triomphe in 1672; the Bosquet de la Renomme (Bosquet des Dmes) and the Bosquet de lnclade in 1675; and the Bosquet des Sources in 1678 (Marie 1972, 1976; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).In addition to the expansion of existing bosquets and the construction of new ones, there were two additional projects that defined this era, the Bassin des Sapins and the Pice dau des Suisses.Bassin des SapinsIn 1676, the Bassin des Sapins, which was located north of the chteau below the Parterre du Nord and the Alle des Marmousets was designed to form a topological pendant along the north-south axis with the Pice dau des Suisses located at the base of the Satory hill south of the chteau. Later modifications in the garden would transform this fountain into the Bassin de Neptune (Marie 1972, 1975; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).Pice dau des SuissesExcavated in 1678, the Pice dau des Suisses named for the Swiss Guard who constructed the lake occupied an area of marshes and ponds, some of which had been used to supply water for the fountains in the garden. This water feature, with a surface area of more than 15 hectares, is the second largest after the Grand Canal at Versailles (Marie 1972, 1975; Nolhac 1901 luxury bags online, 1925; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).Third building campaignBassin de Latone Latona Fountain with the tapis vert and the Grand Canal in the backgroundModifications in the gardens during the third building campaign were distinguished by a stylistic change from the natural esthetic of Andr Le Ntre to the architectonic style of Jules Hardouin-Mansart. The first major modification to the gardens during this phase occurred in 1680 when the Tapis Vert the expanse of lawn that stretches between the Latona Fountain and the Apollo Fountain achieved its final size and definition under the direction of Andr Le Ntre (Nolhac 1901; Thompson 2006). Beginning in 1684, the Parterre dau was remodeled under the direction of Jules Hardouin-Mansart. Statues from the Grande Commande of 1674 were relocated to other parts of the garden; two twin octagonal basins were constructed and decorated with bronze statues representing the four main rivers of France. In the same year, Le Vau Orangerie, located to south of the Parterrre dau was demolished to accommodate a larger structure designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart. In addition to the Orangerie, the Escaliers des Cent Marches, which facilitated access to the gardens from the south, to the Pice dau des Suisses, and to the Parterre du Midi were constructed at this time, giving the gardens just south of the chateau their present configuration and decoration.The Orangerie in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles with the Pice dau des Suisses in the backgroundAdditionally, to accommodate the anticipated construction of the Aile des Nobles the north wing of the chteau the Grotte de Thtys was demolished (Marie 1968, 1972, 1976; Nolhac 1899, 1901, 1902, 1925).With the construction of the Aile des Nobles (1685-1686), the Parterre du Nord was remodeled to respond to the new architecture of this part of the chteau. To compensate for the loss of the reservoir on top of the Grotte de Thtys and to meet the increased demand for water, Jules Hardouin-Mansart designed new and larger reservoirs situated due north of the Aile des Nobles (Thompson 2006). Construction for the ruinously expensive Canal de l’Eure was inaugurated in 1685; designed by Vauban it was intended to bring waters of the Eure over 80 kilometers, including aqueducts of heroic scale, but the works were abandoned in 1690: see “The Problem of water” below.Between 1686 and 1687, the Bassin de Latone, under the direction of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, was rebuilt. It is this final version of the fountain that one sees today at Versailles (Hedin 1992; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985) .During this phase of construction, three of the garden major bosquets were modified or created. Beginning with the Galerie des Antiques, this bosquet was constructed in 1680 on the site of the earlier and short-lived Galerie dau (1678). This bosquet was conceived as an open-air gallery in which antique statues and copies acquired by the Acadmie de France in Rome were displayed. The following year, construction began on the Salle de Bal. Located in a secluded section of the garden south of the Orangerie, this bosquet was designed as an amphitheater that featured a cascade the only one surviving in the gardens of Versailles. The Salle de Bal was inaugurated in 1685 with a ball hosted by the Grand Dauphin. Between 1684 and 1685, Jules Hardouin-Mansart built the Colonnade. Located on the site of Le Ntre Bosquet des Sources, this bosquet featured a circular peristyle formed from thirty-two arches with twenty-eight fountains and was Hardouin-Mansart most architectural of the bosquets built in the gardens of Versailles (Marie 1972, 1976; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985)Fourth building campaignDue to financial constraints arising from the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession, no significant work on the gardens was undertaken until 1704. Between 1704 and 1709, bosquets were modified some quite radically with new names suggesting the new austerity the characterized the latter years of Louis XIV reign (Marie 1976; Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985)Louis XVThe Pavillon franais of Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1749-50With the departure of the king and court from Versailles in 1715 following the death of Louis XIV, the palace and gardens entered an era of uncertainty. In 1722, Louis XV and the court returned to Versailles. Seeming to heed his great-grandfather admonition not to engage in costly building campaigns, Louis XV did not undertake the costly building campaigns at Versailles that Louis XIV had. During the reign of Louis XV, the only significant addition to the gardens was the completion of the Bassin de Neptune (1738-1741) (Marie 1984; Verlet 1985).Rather than expend resources on modifying the gardens at Versailles, Louis XV an avid botanist directed his efforts at Trianon. In the area now occupied by the Hameau de la reine, Louis XV constructed and maintained les jardins botaniques the botanical gardens. In 1750, the year in which les jardins botaniques were constructed, the Jardinier-Fleuriste, Claude Richard (1705-1784), assumed administration of the botanical gardens. In 1761, Louis XV commissioned Ange-Jacques Gabriel to build the Petit Trianon as a residence that would allow him to spend more time near the jardins botaniques. It was at the Petit Trianon that Louis XV fell fatally ill with smallpox; on 10 May 1774, the king died at Versailles (Marie, 1984; Thompson, 2006).Louis XVIUpon Louis XVI ascension to the throne, the gardens of the Versailles underwent a transformation that recalled the fourth building campaign of Louis XIV. Engendered by a change in outlook as advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Philosophes, the winter of 1774-1775 witnessed a complete replanting of the gardens. Trees and shrubbery dating from the reign of Louis XIV were felled or uprooted with the intent of transforming the jardins franais of Le Ntre and Hardouin-Mansart into an English-style garden.The attempt to convert Le Ntre masterpiece into an English-style garden failed to achieve its desired goal. Owing largely to the topology of the land, the English esthetic was abandoned and the gardens replanted in the French style. However, with an eye on economy, Louis XVI ordered the palissades the labor-intensive clipped hedging that formed walls in the bosquets to be replaced with rows of lime trees or chestnut trees. Additionally, a number of the bosquets dating from the time of the Sun King were extensively modified or destroyed. The most significant contribution to the gardens during the reign of Louis XVI was the Grotte des Bains dpollon. The rockwork grotto set in an English style bosquet was the masterpiece of Hubert Robert in which the statues from the Grotte de Thtys were placed (Thompson 2006; Verlet 1985).RevolutionIn 1792, under order from the National Convention, some of the trees in gardens were felled, while parts of the Grand Parc were parceled and dispersed. Sensing the potential threat to Versailles, Louis Claude Marie Richard (1754-1821) director of the jardins botaniques and grandson of Claude Richard lobbied the government to save Versailles. He succeeded in preventing further dispersing of the Grand Parc and threats to destroy the Petit Parc were abolished by suggesting that the parterres could be used to plant vegetable gardens and that orchards could occupy the open areas of the garden. Fortunately, these plans were never put into action; however, the gardens were opened to the public it was not uncommon to see people washing their laundry in the fountains and spreading it on the shrubbery to dry (Thompson 2006).Napolon IThe Napoleonic era largely ignored Versailles. In the c

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